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Act 10/2025 reforms the regime governing financial institutions’ customer services and introduces a procedure for the submission, processing and resolution of complaints filed by their customers, including special provisions when such customers are consumers, such as a free helpline and the availability of channels that allow for personalised service to vulnerable consumers or people without access to certain basic financial services that are not defined in the new law.

This paper analyses the subject matter scope of application of a ‘director liability to shareholder claim’ (claim for payment of damages filed by a shareholder against a company director). Although, as a general rule, shareholders cannot claim compensation for the harm caused to their share in a company’s estate, compensation for de facto expulsions or harm to liquidating dividends may be awarded through a director liability to shareholder claim.

The universal standing of consumer associations has no legal basis and creates perverse effects.

Royal Decree 997/2025, of 5 November, approving urgent measures to strengthen the electricity system, aims to "establish urgent measures that contribute to a more resilient and decarbonised electricity system" and amends several statutory instruments that govern the electricity system. This paper details the main areas of change.

Judgment analyses claim filed by former CEO for non-payment of loss-of-office compensation provided for in articles of association (legal regime preceding the 2014 amendments to the Companies Act).

“Royal Decree 997/2025, of 5 November, approving urgent measures to strengthen the electricity system, has been published in the Official Journal of Spain on 6 November 2025. It will broadly come into force on the date of its publication”.

Summary of legislative and jurisprudential developments relating to the automotive sector.

We analyse, in short, whether company payment contributions can be included in director liability (to company) claims.

The Court of Justice of the European Union (Fourth Chamber), in its judgment of 1 August 2025, case C-665/23, IL v. Veracash SAS, concludes that a payer is deprived of the right to reimbursement of the amount of an unauthorised transaction if he or she delayed in notifying his or her payment service provider of the unauthorised payment transaction, even though he or she did so within 13 months from the debit date. This interpretation of the Payment Services Directive is applicable in Spain (Art. 43 RDL 19/2018) and appears to be retained in the future Regulation on payment services.